![]() Brazil Vet J 180:399–401īergonier D, De Cremoux R, Rupp R, Lagriffoul G, Berthelot X (2003) Mastitis of dairy small ruminants. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 79:37–42īandeira DA, de Castro RS, Azevedo EO et al (2009) Seroprevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats in the Cariri region, Paraiba state. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Maryland, USAīalbin MM, Belotindos LP, Abes NS, Mingala CN (2014) Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus detection in blood by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the proviral gag region. Vet Res 43:1–7ĪPHIS (2007) Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Theriogenology 69:473–480Īli Al Ahmad MZ, Dubreil L, Chatagnon G, Khayli Z, Therst M, Martignat L et al (2012) Goat uterine epithelial cells are susceptible to infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE-V) in vivo. Theriogenology 69:408–415Īli Al Ahmad MZ, Fieni F, Pellerin JL, Guigen F, Chere Y, Chatagnon G (2008b) Detection of viral genome of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in semen and in genital tract tissues of male goat. Small Rumin Res 66:181–186Īli Al Ahmad MZ, Chebloune Y, Bouzar BA, Baril G, Bouvier F, Chatagnon G et al (2008a) Lack of risk of caprine-arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE-V) after an appropriate embryo transfer procedure. Rev Bras Rep Anim 23:420–421Īl-Qudah K, Al-Majali AM, Ismail ZB (2006) Epidemiological studies on caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in Jordan. Res Vet Sci 40:157–160Īndrioli A, Gouveia AMG, Martins AS, Pingheiro RR et al (1999) Detection of caprine lentivirus proviral DNA in semen of naturally infected goats. Am J Vet Res 44:1670–1675Īdams DS, Gorgham JR (1986) The gp135 of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus affords greater sensitivity than the p28 in immunodiffusion serology. ![]() Am Pathol 99:257–278Īdams DS, Klevjer-Anderson P, Carlson JL et al (1983) Transmission and control of caprine arthriris-encephalitis virus. Virus Res 2:23–35Īdams DS, Crawford TB, Klevjer-Anderson P (1980) A pathologentic study of the early connective tissue lesions of caprine arthritis encephalitis. KeywordsĪbelson ML, Schoborg RV (2003) Characterization of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) rev N-terminal elements required for efficient interaction with the RRE. Lastly, it is important to consider the virus divergence in the selection and design of effective management strategies, and strict implementation of management programs is needed to finally eradicate or at least control this virus. The attempt to produce vaccines and specific treatments is still not successful up to this date. Considering the fact that this is a retrovirus, most of the control programs during past years have focused on the eradication of the virus using different management strategies. In this chapter, we aim to summarize characteristics of the virus, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the management and control of the disease. Since its discovery during the early 1980s, significant data has been reported regarding this virus. The virus is distributed worldwide with high genetic divergence. The infection produces multisystemic infection in affected animals. The disease is caused by retrovirus specifically under the small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs). CAEV is not a zoonotic agent.Caprine arthritis-encephalitis is a persistent disease in goats and causes significant economic loss particularly in dairy goat breeds. However, most lentivirus-infected sheep and goats are largely asymptomatic, but remain persistent carriers of virus and are capable of transmitting infection via colostrum or milk and respiratory secretions. Laboured breathing associated with emaciation caused by progressive pneumonitis is the predominant feature in clinically affected sheep, whereas polyarthritis is the main clinical sign in goats. Indurative mastitis is common in both host species, and its economic significance may be underestimated. ![]() Clinical and subclinical MV and CAE are associated with progressive, mononuclear cell inflammatory lesions in the lungs, joints, udder and central nervous system. The distribution of CAEV is highest in industrialised countries, and seems to have coincided with the international movement of European breeds of dairy goats. The source of horizontal transmission in the absence of lactation remains unknown however, faeces and lung fluids are known to harbour infectious virus. One source of CAEV and MVV transmission is colostrum and milk. Phylogenetic analyses comparing nucleotide sequences of MV virus (MVV) and CAE virus (CAEV) have demonstrated that these are closely related lentiviruses. It is often grouped together with Maedi-visna (MV) of sheep as the small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs). Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is a persistent lentivirus infection of goats.
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